#5: In Situ Hybridization
The term “in situ” means “in the original place”, while “hybridization” refers to a hybrid composed of one strand of DNA with a complementary strand of nucleotides – which is referred to as a probe.
2019 Michigan Microscopy and Microanalysis Society Meeting
Rankin attended the 2019 Michigan Microscopy and Microanalysis Society (MMMS) Meeting held at Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center in East Lansing, MI on October 31, 2019.
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#4: Antibodies
In the previous units of this series, the immunohistochemical (IHC) methods of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase were described and discussed. These methods use antibodies to localize cellular proteins in tissue sections, which can then be visualized in either a dark field fluorescence microscope or routine bright field microscope. It is important to understand antibody structure and function in order to fully appreciate these immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques.
#3: Immunoperoxidase
In the previous segment, immunofluorescence methods were discussed. These methods use antibodies labelled with fluorescein to directly localize cellular proteins in tissue sections, which can then be visualized in a dark field fluorescence microscope. Despite the advantages of this method, science is always in search of newer methods to gain more knowledge. Thus in 1970 Sternberger et al (1970) reported an improvement of Graham’s method (1965) using horse radish peroxidase enzyme (HRP) labelled antibodies to localize antigens and visualize them in the routine light microscope – bringing the method “to light” as one might describe. Now researchers and pathologists could see protein localization within the histology of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues viewed using a routine bright field microscope. This provided vast improvements over the immunofluorescence method.
#2 Immunofluorescence
Before we discuss immunofluorescence, we need to know what fluorescence is. There are certain substances, composed of molecules that will emit light when irradiated by a short wavelength, such as X-rays or ultraviolet (UV) light.
#1 Introduction to Immunohistochemistry
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek is credited with being the first person to use a microscope to view tiny “animacules” in 1674. At approximately the same time, Robert Hooke used a similar microscope to view thin slices of cork. The structures that he observed resembled the tiny cells that monks lived in at the local monastery, so he named the structures “cells”.
#7 Tissue Processing Artefacts
The most noticeable tissue processing artefacts are the wrinkles and tears in the tissue sections which are evident even at low power
#6 Understanding Tissue Processor Procedures
Standard tissue processing may be carried out on any number of open and closed tissue processors, although closed processors are preferred due to safety concerns, both for the tissues and laboratory personnel.
#5 Troubleshooting in the Histology Laboratory
The first four blogs of the troubleshooting series focused on being proactive with regard to the prevention of sub-optimal events in the histology laboratory
#4 Alternative Methods for Preparing and Embedding Specimens
Some specimens may be very tiny; on the order of less than 0.1 cm. Some preparation methods employ the use of mesh cassettes, “tea bag” biopsy pouches, sponges, wrapping paper, etc. to contain the specimen and prevent it from escaping the tissue processing cassette.
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